References

Adams, D. A. 1997. Trinacromerum bonneri, new species, last and fastest pliosaur of the Western Interior Seaway. Texas Journal of Science, 49, 179-198.

Albright, L. B. III., Gillette, D. D. and Titus, A. L. 2007a. Plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) tropic shale of southern Utah, part 1: new records of the pliosaur Brachauchenius lucasi. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(1), 41-58

Albright, L. B. III., Gillette, D. D. and Titus, A. L. 2007b. Plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) Tropic Shale of southern Utah, part 2: Polycotylidae, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27(1), 41-58.

Andrews, C. W. 1896. On the structure of the plesiosaurian skull. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 52, 246-253.

Andrews, C. W. 1910. A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford Clay.
Part I. British Museum (Natural History), London, 205pp.

Andrews, C. W. 1913. A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford Clay. Part II. British Museum (Natural History), London, 205 pp.

Andrews, C. W. 1922a. Note on the skeleton of a large plesiosaur (Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni sp. n.) from the Upper Lias of Northamptonshire. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 10, 407-415.

Andrews, C. W. 1922b. Description of a new plesiosaur from the Weald Clay of Berwick (Sussex). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 78, 285–297.

Araújo, R. and Smith, A. S. 2023. Recognising and quantifying the evolution of skeletal paedomorphosis in Plesiosauria. Fossil Record, 26(1), 85–101. 

Bakker, R. T. 1993. Plesiosaur extinction cycles- Events that mark the beginning, middle and end of the Cretaceous. In Caldwell, W. G. E. and Kaufman, E. G. (eds.). Evolution of the Western Interior Basin: Geological Association of Canada. Special Paper 39, 641-664.

Bardet, N. 1993a. Pliosaurs and plesiosaurs from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of Normandy. Revue de Paléobiologie, 7, 1-7.

Bardet, N. 1993b. Une mandibule de Pliosaurus brachyspondylus (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) dans le Kimmeridgien du Boulonnais (France). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 25, 385-392.

Bardet, N. 1995. Evolution et extinction des reptiles marins au cours du Mésozoïque. Palaeovertebrata, 24, 177-283.

Bardet, N. and Pennetier, E. 1991. Muraenosaurus leedsii SEELEY (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) dans le Callovien du Calvados (France). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 7, 402-408.

Bardet, N.; Mazin, J.-M.; Cariou, E.; Enay, R. and Krishna, J. 1991. Les Plesiosauria du Jurassique supérieur de la province de Kachchh (Inde). Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, Série II, 313, 1343-1347.

Bardet, N.; Godefroit, P.; and Sciau, J. 1999. A new elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Southern France. Palaeontology, 42, (5), 927-952.

Bardet, N.; Suberbiola, X. P. and Jalil, N-E. 2003. A new polycotylid plesiosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of Morocco. Comptes rendus Palevol, 2, 307-315.

Bardet, N., M.., Fernández, J. C. García-Ramos, Z. P. Suberbiola, L. Piñuela, J. I. Ruiz-Omeñaca, and P. Vincent. 2008. A juvenile plesiosaur from the Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of Asturias, Spain. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28, 258-263.

Bauer, H. H. 1988. Loch Ness Odyssey. Snowy Egret, 51, 8-15.

Bauer, H. H. 2002a. The case for the loch ness ‘monster’: the scientific evidence. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 16, 225-246.

Bauer, H. H. 2002b. Common knowledge about the Loch Ness Monster. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 16, 455-477.

Benson, R. B. J. and Bowdler, T. 2014. Anatomy of Colymbosaurus megadeirus (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the U.K., and High Diversity Among Late Jurassic Plesiosauroids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34 (5), 1053-1071.

Benson, R. B. J., Butler, R. J.; Lindgren, J. and Smith, A. S. 2009. Mesozoic marine tetrapod diversity: mass extinctions and temporal heterogeneity in geological megabiases affecting vertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277, 829-834.

Benson, R. B. J., Bates, K. T., Johnson, M. R. and Withers, P. J. 2011a. Cranial anatomy of Thalassiodracon hawkinsii (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from the Early Jurassic of Somerset, United Kingdom. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31, 562-574.

Benson, R. B. J., Ketchum, H. F., Noè, L. F. and Gómez-Pérez, M. 2011b. New information on Hauffiosaurus (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) based on a new species from the Alum Shale Member (Lower Toarcian: Lower Jurassic) of Yorkshire, UK. Palaeontology, 54, 547-571.

Benson, R. B. J., Evans, M., Smith, A. S., Sassoon, J., Moore-Faye, S., Ketchum, H. F. and Forrest, R. 2013. A giant pliosaurid skull from the Late Jurassic of England. PLoS ONE 8(5): e65989. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065989

Benton, M. J. 1990a. The reign of the reptiles. Kingfisher, London, 143 pp.

Benton, M. J. 1990b. Vertebrate palaeontology. Unwin Hyman, London, 377 pp.

Benton, M. J. and Spencer, P. S. 1995. Fossil reptiles of Great Britain. Chapman and Hall, London, 386 pp.

Benton, M. J. and Taylor, M. A. 1984. Marine reptiles from the Upper Lias (Lower Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of the Yorkshire Coast. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 44, (4), (29), 399-429.

Berezin, A. Y. 2011. A new plesiosaur of the family Aristonectidae from the Early Cretaceous of the center of the Russian platform. Paleontological Journal, 45(6), 648-660.

Berezin, A. Y. 2016. Peculiarities of skeleton pattern of plesiosaur Abyssosaurus from Chuvashia on adaptation to deep-sea life. Scientific and Information Bulletin of Doctoral Students, Postgraduate Students, 1 (23), 20–24. (in Russian. I translated the journal name from Russian myself so please excuse any errors.)

Berezin, A. Y. 2018. Craniology of the Plesiosaur Abyssosaurus nataliae Berezin (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous of the Central Russian Platform. Paleontological Journal, 52, 328–341.

Berezin, A. Y. 2019. Morphofunctional features of the plesiosaur Abyssosaurus nataliae (Plesiosauroidea: Plesiosauria) in connection with adaptation to a deep-water lifestyle. Ministry of National Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation, 34, 53–70. (in Russian)

de Blainville, H. M. D. 1835. Description de quelques espèces de reptiles de la Californie, précédée de l’analyse d’une système générale d’Erpetologie et d’Amphibiologie. Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. 4, 233–296.

Broadhurst, F. M. and Duffy, L. 1970. A plesiosaur in the Geology Department, University of Manchester. Museums Journal, 70, 29-31.

Brown, B. 1913. A new plesiosaur, Leurospondylus, from the Edmonton Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 32, 605-615.

Brown, D. S. 1981. The English Upper Jurassic Plesiosauroidea (Reptilia) and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Geology, 35, (4), 253-347.

Brown, D. S. 1983. Discovery of a specimen of the plesiosaur Colymbosaurus trochanterius (Owen) on the island of Portland. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, 105, 170.

Brown, D. S. 1993. A taxonomic reappraisal of the families Elasmosauridae and Cryptoclididae (Reptilia: Plesiosauroidea). Révue de Paléobiologie, Volume Spécial, 7, 9-16.

Brown, D. S. and Bardet, N. 1994. Plesiosaurus rugosus Owen 1840 (currently Eretmosaurus rugosus; Reptilia; Plesiosauria): proposed designation of a neotype. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature,51, 247-248.

Brown, D. S. and Cruickshank, A. R. I. 1994. The skull of the Callovian plesiosaur Cryptoclidus eurymerus and the sauropterygian cheek. Palaeontology, 37, (4), 941-953.

Brown, D. S., Milner, A. C., and Taylor, M. A. 1986. New material of the plesiosaur Kimmerosaurus langhami Brown from the Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 40, 225-234.

Buchy, M.-C. and Frey, E. 2003. Was it really eating granite? We’re searching hard: history of the Monster of Aramberri (and stories about it). First meeting of the EAVP – abstracts, 39.

Buchy, M.-C.; Frey, E.; Stinnesbeck, W. ; López-Oliva, J. G. 2003. First occurrence of a gigantic pliosaurid plesiosaur in the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of Mexico. Bulletin de Societe Géologique de France, 174, 271-278.

Buchy, M-C., Frey, E. and Salisbury, S. W. 2006. The internal cranial anatomy of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia): evidence for a functional secondary palate. Lethaia, 39 (4), 289-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/00241160600847488

Buffetaut, E. 1981. A plesiosaur vertebra from the Chichali Formation (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous) of Pakistan. ?

Cabrera, A. 1941. Un plesiosaurio nuevo del Cretáceo del Chubut. Revisita del Museo de la Plata (Neuvo Serio), 2, 113-130.

Caldwell, M. W. 1997a. Limb osteology and ossification patterns in Cryptoclidus (Reptilia: Plesiosauroidea) with a review of sauropterygian limbs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, (2), 295-307.

Caldwell, M. W. 1997b. Modified perichondral ossification and the evolution of paddle-like limbs in Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, (3), 534-547.

Callaway, J. M and Nicholls, E. L. (eds.) 1997. Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic press. London. 501pp. Available from Amazon ($114)

Carpenter, S. 1995. The discovery of a Wiltshire pliosaur. Geology Today, ?

Carpenter, K. 1996. A review of short-necked plesiosaurs from the Cretaceous of the Western Interior, North America. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie – Abhandlungen, 201 (2), 259-287.

Carpenter, K. 1997. Comparative cranial anatomy of two North American Cretaceous Plesiosaurs. 191-216. In Callaway, J. M and Nicholls, E. L. (eds.). Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic press. London. 501pp.

Carpenter, K. 1999. Revision of North American elasmosaurs from the Cretaceous of the western interior. Paludicola, 2, 148-173.

Carpenter, K. 2010. Plesiosaur swimming as interpreted from skeletal analysis and experimental results. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 113, 1–34.

Carroll, R. L. 1981. Plesiosaur ancestors from the upper permian of Madagascar. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 293, 315-383.

Carroll, R. L. 1984. The emergence of marine reptiles in the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic. Third Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers. 41-45.

Carroll, R. L. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. Freeman. New York. 698pp.

Carroll, R. L. and Gaskill, P. 1985. The nothosaur Pachypleurosaurus and the origin of plesiosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 309, 343-393.

Carte, A. and Baily, W. H. 1863a. Description of a new species of Plesiosaurus, from the Lias, near Whitby, Yorkshire. Journal of the Royal Dublin Society, 4, 160-170.

Carte, A. and Baily, W. H. 1863b. On a new species of Plesiosaurus from the Lias, near Whitby, Yorkshire. Annual Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1862, 68-69.

Cau, A. and Fanti, F. 2014. A pliosaurid plesiosaurian from the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese Formation of Italy. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 59, (3), 643–650

Cau, A. and Fanti, F. 2015. High evolutionary rates and the origin of the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese Formation (Middle-Upper Jurassic of Italy) reptiles. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology, 28, (7), 952–962.

Chatterjee, S. and Small, B, J. 1989. New plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica. In Crame, J, A. (ed.) Origins and evolution of the Antarctic Biota. Geological Society Special Publications, 47, 197-215.

Cicimurri, D. J. and Everhart, M. J. 2001. An elasmosaur with stomach contents and gastroliths from the Pierre Shale (late Cretaceous) of Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 104(3-4), 129-143.

Clarke, J. and Etches, S. 1991. Predation amongst Jurassic marine reptiles. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, 113, 202-205.

Collin, R. and and Janis, C. M. 1997. Morphological constraints on tetrapod feeding mechanisms: why were there no suspension-feeding marine reptiles. 451-466. In Callaway, J. M and Nicholls, E. L. (eds.). Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic press. London. 501pp.

Conybeare, W. D. 1824. XXI.— On the Discovery of an almost perfect Skeleton of the Plesiosaurus. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, S2, 1, 381-389.

Cope, E. D. 1869. Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America.  Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 14, 1–252. (Read September 18, 1868 and April 2, 1869. Preprints distributed August, 1869 (first state. i.e. the version with the head on the end of the tail), and distributed again after March, 1870 (second state, revised with the head on the end of the neck, but back-dated August, 1869).

Cruickshank, A. R. I. 1994a. A Juvenile plesiosaur (Plesiosauria: Reptilia) from the Lower Lias (Hettangian: Lower Jurassic) of Lyme Regis, England: a pliosauroid-plesiosauroid intermediate? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 112, 151-178.

Cruickshank, A, R, I. 1994b. Cranial anatomy of the Lower Jurassic pliosaur Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus (Stutchbury) (Reptilia: Plesiosauria). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 343, 247-260.

Cruickshank, A. R. I. 1996a. A Pistosaurus-like sauropterygian from the Rhaeto-Hettangian of England. Mercian Geologist, 14, (1) 12-13.

Cruickshank, A. R. I. 1996b. The cranial anatomy of Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni Andrews (Reptilia, Plesiosauria). Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London, 52, 109-114.

Cruickshank, A. R. I. 1997. A Lower Cretaceous pliosauroid from South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 105, 207-226.

Cruickshank, A. R. I. And Fordyce, R. E. 2002. A new marine reptile (Sauropterygia) from New Zealand: further evidence for a late Cretaceous Austral radiation of cryptoclidid plesiosaurs. Palaeontology, 45, (3), 557-575.

Cruickshank, A. R. I. and Long, J. A. 1997. A new species of pliosaurid reptile from the Early Cretaceous Birdrong Sandstone of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, 18, 263-276.

Cruickshank, A. R. I.; Small, P. G.; and Taylor, M. A. 1991. Dorsal nostrils and hydrodynamically driven underwater olfaction in plesiosaurs. Nature, 352, 62-64.

Cruickshank, A. R. I.; Martill, D. M. and Noe, L. F. 1996. A pliosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) exhibiting pachyostosis from the Middle Jurassic of England. Journal of the Geological Society, London,153, 873-879.

Dalla Vechia, F. M. 2006. A new sauropterygian reptile with plesiosaurian affinity from the Late Triassic of Italy. Revista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 112, 207-225.

Dawn, A. 1991. A rare pliosaur from the Oxford Clay. Geology Today, 7, 7-8

Dawn, A. 1997. Fossil marine reptiles of the Peterborough brick pits. Mercian Geologist, 14, (2), 90-93.

De la Beche, H. T. and Conybeare, W. D. 1821. Notice of the discovery of a new fossil animal, forming a link between the Ichthyosaurus and the corocodile, together with general remarks on the osteology of the Ichthysoaurus. Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 5, 559-594.

Delair, J. B. 1982. New and little-known Jurassic reptiles from Wiltshire. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 76, 155-164.

Delair, J. B. and Vaughn, R. F. 1992. The first record of Portlandian plesiosaurs from Swindon, Wiltshire. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 85, 121-127.

Druckenmiller, P. S. 2002. Osteology of a new plesiosaur from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Thermopolis Shale of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, (1), 29-42.

Druckenmiller, P. S. and Russell, A. P. 2008a. Skeletal anatomy of an exceptionally complete specimen of a new genus of plesiosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Early Albian) of Northeastern Alberta, Canada. Palaeontolgraphica, 283, 1-33.

Druckenmiller, P. S. and Russell, A. P. 2008b. A phylogeny of Plesiosauria (Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the systematic status of Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922. Zootaxa, 1863, 120pp.

Efimov, V. M., Meleshin, I. A. and Nikiforov, A. V. 2016. A new species of the plesiosaur genus Polycotylus from the Upper Cretaceous of the Southern Urals. Paleontological Journal, 50 (5), 494–503. DOI: 10.1134/S0031030116050051

Ellis, R. 2003. Sea dragons – predators of the prehistoric oceans. University Press of Kansas, 313pp.

Evans, M. 1999. A new reconstruction of the skull of the Callovian elasmosaurid plesiosaur Muraenosaurus leedsii Seeley. Mercian Geologist, 14,(4), 191-196.

Evans, M. 2012. A new genus of plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) of England, and a phylogeny of the Plesiosauria. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leicester.

Everhart, M. J. 2000. Gastroliths associated with plesiosaur remains in the Sharon Springs Member (Late Cretaceous) of the Pierre Shale, western Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 103(1–2), 58–69.

Everhart, M. J. 2002. Where the elasmosaurs roam… Prehistoric Times, 53, 24-27.

Everhart, M. J. 2005. Oceans of Kansas – a natural history of the Western Interior Sea. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 322pp. Available from Amazon ($26.37)

Everhart, M. J. 2007. Sea Monsters – Prehistoric creatures of the deep.National Geographic, 192pp. Available from Amazon ($19.80)

Ford, T. D. and O’Connor, B. 2002. Coprolite mining in England. Geology Today, 18(5), 178-181.

Forrest, R. 1998. A possible early elasmosaurian plesiosaur from the Triassic/Jurassic boundary of Nottinghamshire. Mercian Geologist, 14, (3), 135-143.

Forrest, R. 2003. Ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs from the Lower Spilsby Sansdstone member (Upper Jurassic), north Lincolnshire. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 54, 269-275.

Fraas, E. 1910. Plesiosaurier aus dem oberen Lias von Holzmaden. Palaeontographica, 57, 105-140.

Frey, E. and Reiss, J. 1982. Considerations concerning plesiosaur locomotion. Konstructions Morphologie?, 193-194.

Frey, E.; Mulder, E. W. A.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Rivera-Sylva, H. E.; Padilla-Gutiérrez, J. M. and González-González, A.H. 2017. A new polycotylid plesiosaur with extensive soft tissue preservation from the early Late Cretaceous of northeast Mexico. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 69 (1), 87–134.

Gasparini, Z. 1997. A new plesiosaur from the Bajocian of the Neuquen Basin, Argentina. Palaeontology, 40, (1), 135-147.

Gasparini, Z. and Salgado, L. 2000. Elasmosáuridos (Plesiosauria) del Cretácico Terdío del norte de Patagonia. Revista Española de Paleontología, 15, 13-21.

Gasparini, Z. and Spalletti, L. 1993. First Callovian plesiosaurs from the Neuquen Basin, Arentina. Ameghiniana?, 30, 245-254.

Gasparini, Z.; Casadio, S.; Fernández, M. and Salgado, L. 2001. Marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous of northern Patagonia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 14, 51-60.

Gasparini, Z.; Bardet, N. and Iturralde-Vincent, M. 2002. A new cryptoclidid plesiosaur from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Cuba. Geobios, 35, 201-211.

Gasparini, Z.; Bardet, N.; Martin, J. E. and Fernández, M. 2003a. The elasmosaurid plesiosaur Aristonectes Cabrera from the latest Cretaceous of South America and Antarctica. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 23, 104-115.

Gasparini, Z.; Salgado, L. and Casadio, S. 2003b. Maastrichtian plesiosaurs from northern Patagonia. Cretaceous Research, 24, 152-170.

Gilbert, J. L. 1963. The Geologists’ Association. Nature, 200(4913), 1271–1272.

Godefroit, P. 1994. Simolestes keileni sp. nov., un pliosaure (Plesiosauria, Reptilia) du Bajocien supérieur de Lorraine (France). Bulletin des Académie et Société Lorraines des Sciences, 33, 77-?.

Godefroit, P. 1995. Plesiosauria (Reptilia) Sinémuriens de Lorraine belge. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 65, 165-178.

Godfrey, S. J. 1984. Plesiosaur subaqueous locomotion a reappraisal. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 42, 661-672.

Halstead, L. B. 1971. Liopleurodon rossicus (Novozhilov) – a pliosaur from the Lower Volgian of the Moscow Basin. Palaeontology, 14, 566-571.

Halstead, L. B. 1982. Hunting the past. Book Club Associates, London, 208 pp.

Halstead, L. B. 1989. Plesiosaur locomotion. Journal of the Geological Society London, 146, 37-40.

Hampe, O. 1992. Ein großwüchsiger Pliosauride (Reptilia:Plesiosauria) aus der Unterkreide (oberes Aptium) von Kolumbien. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 145, 1–32.

Hauff, B. 1953. Das Holzmadenbuch. Öhringen Rau, 54pp.

Hauff, B. and Hauff, R. B. 1981. Das Holzmadenbuch. Urwelt-Museum Hauff, 136pp.

Hector, J. 1873. On the fossil Reptilia of New Zealand. Transactions of the geological survey of New Zealand, ?, 333-?.

Henderson, D. M. 2006. Floating point: a computational study of buoyancy, equilibrium, and gastroliths in plesiosaurs. Lethaia, 39 (3), 227-244.

Higgs, R. 2023. Blockley Jurassic ‘Sea Dragon’ Plesiosaurs. The Voice, March 2023, p.4.

Hiller, N.; Mannering, A. A.; Jones, C. M. and Cruickshank, A. R. I. 2005. The nature of Mauisaurus haasti Hector 1874 (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

Hopley, P. J. 2000. A new plesiosaurid specimen from the Sinemurian, Lower Jurassic, of southern England. Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, 122, 129-138.

Huene, F. von. 1935. Ein plesiosauruer-restaus Grönländischem oberem Jura. Kommission for Videnskabelige Undersøgelser I Grønland, 99, 1-11.

Huene, F. von. 1937. Plesiosaurier im kurländischen Jura. Zent mus Geol Pal? 50-52.

Hutchinson, H. N. 1922. A model of Peloneustes philarchus. Geological Magazine, Vol?, 309-310.

Johnson, M. M., Young, M. T., Steel, L., Foffa, D., Smith, A. S., Hua, S., Havlik, P., Howlett, E. A. and Dyke, G. 2017. Re-description of ‘Steneosaurusobtusidens Andrews, 1909, an unusual macrophagous teleosaurid crocodylomorph from the Middle Jurassic of England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, zlx035. doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx035

Kear, B. P. 2001. Elasmosaur (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) basicranial remains from the early Cretaceous of Queensland. Records of the South Australian Museum, 34, 127-133.

Kear, B. P. 2002. Reassessment of the Early Cretaceous plesiosaur Cimoliasaurus maccoyi Etheridge 1904 (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from White Cliffs, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology, 50, 671-685.

Kear, B. P. 2003. Cretaceous marine reptiles of Australia: a review of taxonomy and distribution. Cretaceous Research, 24, 277-303.

Kear, B. P. 2005. Marine reptiles from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)deposits of White Cliffs, southeastern Australia: implications of a high latitude, cold water assemblage. Cretaceous Research, 26, 769-782.

Kear, B. 2007. Taxonomic clarification of the Australian elasmosaurid genus Eromangasaurus, with reference to other austral elasmosaur taxa. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 27, 241-246.

Ketchum, H. F. and Benson, R. B. J. 2011a. A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 86, 109–129.

Ketchum, H. and Benson, R. 2011b. The cranial anatomy and taxonomy of Peloneustes philarchus (Sauropterygia, Pliosauridae) from the Peterborough Member (Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of the United Kingdom. Palaeontology, 54(3), 639–665.

Ketchum, H. and Smith, A. S. 2010. The anatomy and taxonomy of Macroplata tenuiceps (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Hettangian (Lower Jurassic) of Warwickshire, United Kingdom. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 30 (4), 1069–1081. (Download PDF).

Knutsen, E. M. 2012. A taxonomic revision of the genus Pliosaurus (Owen, 1841a) Owen, 1841b. Norwegian Journal of Geology, 92, 259–276.

Knutsen, E. M., P. S. Druckenmiller, and J. H. Hurum. 2012a. Redescription and taxonomic clarification of ‘Tricleidus’ svalbardensis based on new material from the Agardhfjellet Formation (middle Volgian). Norwegian Journal of Geology, 92, 175–186.

Knutsen, E. M., P. S. Druckenmiller, and J. H. Hurum. 2012b. Two new species of long-necked plesiosaurians (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Jurassic (middle Volgian) Agardhfjellet Formation of central Spitsbergen. Norwegian Journal of Geology, 92, 187–212.

Knutsen, E. M., P. S. Druckenmiller, and J. H. Hurum. 2012c. A new plesiosauroid (Reptilia: Sauropterygia from the Agardhfjellet Formation (middle Volgian) of central Spitsbergen, Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology, 92, 213–234

Koken, E. von. 1905. Neue plesiosaurierreste aus dem norddeutschen Wealden. Centralbl? Min Geol. Pal, ?, 681-693.

Krahl, A., Smith, A. S. and Werneburg, I. 2022. Historically transposed flipper pairs in a mounted plesiosaurian skeleton. PalZ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-022-00616-8 (Open access: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12542-022-00616-8)

Kuban, G. J. 1997. Sea monster or shark: an analysis of a supposed plesiosaur carcass netted in 1977. Reports of the National Centre for Science Education, 17 (3), 16-28.

Kuban, G. J. 1997. Sea-monster or shark? An analysis of a supposed plesiosaur carcass Netted in 1977. Reports of the National Center for Science Education 17, 16-28.

Kubo, T., Mitchell, M. T. and Henderson, D. M. 2012. Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3), 557–572.

Lambert, D., Naish, D. and Wyse, E. 2001. Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Life. Dorling Kindersley, London.

Lazo, D. G. and Cichowolski, M. 2003. First plesiosaur remains from the Lower Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. Journal of Paleontology, 77, 784-789.

Liu, S., Smith, A. S., Gu, Y., Tan, J., Liu, C. K., Turk, G. 2015. Computer simulations imply forelimb-dominated underwater flight in plesiosaurs. PLOS Computational Biology. 11, e1004605.

Lucas, S. G. and Reynolds, R. E. 1993. Putative Palaeocene plesiosaurs from Cajon Pass, California, U. S. A. Cretaceous Research, 14, 107-111.

Lydekker, R. 1889b. Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History), Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and Sauropterygia. British Museum (Natural History), London, 307pp. Available from Amazon ($23.99)

Lydekker, R. 1889a. On the remains and affinities of five genera of Mesozoic reptiles. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 45, 41–59.

Lydekker, R. 1891. Catalogue of fossil mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians in the Science and Art Museum. Dublin Museum of Science and Art, Dublin, 61pp.

Maisch, M. W. 1998. Notes on the cranial osteology of Muraenosaurus Seeley, 1874 (Sauropterygia, Jurassic), with special reference to the neurocranium and its implications for sauropterygian phylogeny. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 207, 207-253.

Maisch, M. W. and Rücklin, M. 2000. Cranial osteology of the sauropterygian Plesiosaurus brachypterygius from the lower Toarcian of Germany. Palaeontology, 43, (1), 29-40.

Martill, D. M. 1985. Plesiosaur discovery in Scotland. Geology Today, 162?

Martill, D. M. 1990. New plesiosaur find in Oxford Clay. Geology Today, 6?

Martill, D. M. 1992. Pliosaur stomach content from the Oxford Clay. Mercian Geologist, 13, (1), 37-42.

Martill, D. M. and Hudson, J. D. (eds.). 1991. Fossils of the Oxford Clay. The Palaeontological Association. Dorset Press, Dorset, 286 pp.

Martill, D. M. and Naish, D. 2000. Walking with Dinosaurs: The Evidence. BBC Books.

Martill, D. M.; Taylor, M. A. and Duff, K. L. 1994. The trophic structure of the biota of the Peterborough Member, Oxford Clay Formation (Jurassic), UK. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 151, 173-194.

Massare, J. A. 1987. Tooth morphology and prey preference of Mesozoic marine reptiles. Jounal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 7, (2), 121-137.

Massare, J. A. 1988. Swimming capabilities of Mesozoic marine reptiles: Implications for method of predation. Palaeobiology, 14, (2), 187-205.

McHenry, C. R. 2009. Devourer of Gods: the palaeoecology of the Cretaceous pliosaur Kronosaurus queenslandicus. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Newcastle.

McHenry, C.; Cook, A. and Wroe, S. 2005. Bottom feeding plesiosaurs. Science, 310, 75.

Mellroy, A. J. 1990. Sea dragon skeletons found. Newspaper article (clipping in the Blockley Heritage Society archive, source unknown).

Meyer, H. von 1841. Thaumatosaurus oolithicus der fossile WunderSaurus aus dem Oolith. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie, und Paläontologie 1841, 176–184.

Meyer, H. von 1856. Thaumatosaurus oolithicus aus dem Oolith von Neuffen. Palaeontographica, 6, 14­–18.

Mulder, E. W. A. 1985. Plesiosauriërs in de Limburgse Krijtzee. Natuurhistorisch Maandblad, 74, 94-96.

Mulder, E. W. A. 1992. Ein Elasmosaurierzahn aus der oberen Kreid des St. Pietersbergesbei Maastricht, Süd-Limburg, Niederlande. Paläont. Z ? 64, 145-151.

Nagesan, R. S.; Henderson, D. M. and Anderson, J. S. 2018. A method for deducing neck mobility in plesiosaurs, using the exceptionally preserved Nichollssaura borealis. Royal Society Open Science, 5, 172307. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172307

Nakaya, H. 1989. Upper Cretaceous elasmosaurid (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) from Hobetsu, Hokkaido, northern Japan. ?Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, 154, 96-116.

Newman, B. and Tarlo, L. B. 1967. A giant marine reptile from Bedfordshire. Animals, 10(2), 61–63.

Nicholls, E. L. and Russell, A. P. 1991. The plesiosaur pectoral girdle: the case for a sternum. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 2, 161-185.

Noè, L. F. 2001. A taxonomic and functional study of the Callovian (Middle Jurassic) Pliosauroidea (Reptilia, Sauropterygia). Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Derby.

Noè, L. F. and Gómez-Pérez, M. 2021. Giant pliosaurids (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous peri-Gondwanan seas of Colombia and Australia. Cretaceous Research, 132, Article 105122.

Noè, L. F.; Liston, J. and Evans, M. 2003. The first relatively complete exoccipital-opisthotic from the braincase of the Callovian pliosaur, Liopleurodon. Geological Magazine, 140, 479-486.

Noè, L. F., Taylor, M. A., and Gómez-Pérez, M. 2017. An integrated approach to understanding the role of the long neck in plesiosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 (1), 137–162.

Novojilov, N. I. 1948. (all in Russian) 1. and 2.

Novozhilov, N. I. 1964. Order Sauropterygia, p. 309–322. In Orlov, J. A.(ed.), Osnovy Paleontologii, 12. (In Russian)

Obata, I.; Hasegawa, Y. and Suzuki, T. 1970. Discovery of elasmosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Futaba Group. ?, 76, ?, 3, 161-164.

O’Keefe, F. R. 2001a. A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Acta Zoologica Fennica, 213, 1-63.

O’Keefe, F. R. 2001b. Ecomorphology of plesiosaur flipper geometry. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 14, 987-991.

O’Keefe, F. R. 2002. The evolution of plesiosaur and pliosaur morphotypes in the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Palaeobiology, 28(1), 101-112.

O’Keefe, F. R. 2004a. On the cranial anatomy of the polycotylid plesiosaur, including new material of Polycotylus latipinnis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24, 326-340.

O’Keefe, F. R. 2004b. Preliminary description and phylogenetic position of a new plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Toarcian of Holzmaden, Germany. Journal of Paleontology, 78, 973-988.

O’Keefe, F. R. and Chiappe, L. M. 2011. Viviparity and K-selected life history in a Mesozoic marine reptile. Science, 333, 870–873.

O’Keefe, F. R. and Wahl, W. 2003a. Current taxonomic status of the plesiosaur Pantasaurus striatus from the Upper Jurassic Sundance Formation, Wyoming. Paludicola, 4, 37-46.

O’Keefe, F. R. and Wahl, W. 2003b. Preliminary report on the osteology and relationships of a new aberrant cryptocleidoid plesiosaur from the Sundance Formation, Wyoming. Paludicola, 4, 48-68.

Osborne, R. 1998. The floating egg, episodes in the making of geology. Pimlico, London, 372 pp.

Owen, R. 1840. A description of a specimen of the Plesiosaurus Macrocephalus, Conybeare, in the collection of Viscount Cole, M.P., D.C.L., F.G.S., &c. Transactions of the Geological Society, London, 5, 515-535.

Owen, R. 1865. A monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Liassic Formations. Part 3. Sauropterygia. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 17, 1-40, pl. 1-16.

Owen, R. 1869. Monograph on the British fossil Reptilia from the Kimmeridge Clay. Part 3, containing Pliosaurus grandis, P. trochanterius and P. portlandicus. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 3,1-12, pl. 1-4.

Owen, R. 1883. On generic characters in the order Sauropterygia. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 39, 133-138.

Persson, P. O. 1960. Lower Cretaceous Plesiosaurians (Rept.) from Australia. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, N. F. Avd. 2. 56, 1-23.

Persson, P. O. 1962. Plesiosaurians from Spitsbergen. Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1962, 62–68.

Persson, P. O. 1963. A revision of the classification of the Plesiosauria with a synopsis of the stratigraphical and geographical distribution of the group. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, N. F. Avd. 2. 59, 1-59.

Pollard, J. E. 1990. Evidence for diet. In: D. E. G. Briggs and P. R. Crowther (eds.) Paleobiology: A Synthesis. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 362–367.

Pough, H. F.; Janis, C. M. and Heiser, J. B. 1996. Vertebrate life (fifth edition). Prentice- Hall, London, 733pp.

Rieppel, O. 1993. Status of the pachypleurosauroid Psilotrachelosaurus toeplitschi Nopcsa (reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of Austria. Fieldiana: Geology, N.S., 27, 1-17.

Rieppel, O. 1994. The status of the sauropterygian reptile Nothosaurus juvenilis from the middle Triassic of Germany. Palaeontology, 37,(4), 733-745.

Rieppel, O. 1997. Part 2: Sauropterygia. Introduction. 107-119. In Callaway, J. M and Nicholls, E.L. (eds). Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press. London. 501pp.

Rieppel, O. 1998. Corosaurus alcovensis Case and the phylogenetic interrelationships of Triassic stem-group Sauropterygia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 124, 1-41.

Rieppel, O. 1999. Phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of Triassic Sauropterygia: problems solved and unresolved. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 153, 1 -15.

Rieppel, O. 2002. Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 135, 33-63.

Rieppel, O. and Wernberg, R. 1998. A new species of the sauropterygian Cymatosaurusfrom the Lower Muschelkalk of Thuringia, Germany. Palaeontology, 41, (4), 575-589.

Roberts, A. J., Druckenmiller, P. S., Delsett, L. L. and Hurum, J. H. 2017. Osteology and relationships of Colymbosaurus Seeley, 1874, based on new material of C. svalbardensis from the Slottsmøya Member, Agardhfjellet Formation of central Spitsbergen. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37(1), e1278381, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2017.1278381

Roberts, A. J., Druckenmiller, P. S., Cordonnier, B., Delsett, L.L. and Hurum, J. H. 2020. A new plesiosaurian from the Jurassic–Cretaceous transitional interval of the Slottsmøya Member (Volgian), with insights into the cranial anatomy of cryptoclidids using computed tomography. PeerJ 8:e8652 DOI 10.7717/peerj.8652

Robinson, J. A. 1975. The locomotion of plesiosaurs. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie un Paläontologie – Abhandlungen, 149, 286–332.

Robinson, J. A. 1977. Intracorporal force transmission in plesiosaurs. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie un Paläontologie – Abhandlungen, 153, 86–128.

Sachs, S. 2005. Tuarangisaurus australis sp. nov. (Plesiosauria: Elasmosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northeastern Queensland, with additional notes on the phylogeny of the Elasmosauridae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 50, 425–440. 

Sachs, S. and Kear, B. 2018. A rare new Pliensbachian plesiosaurian from the Amaltheenton Formation of Bielefeld in northwestern Germany. Alcheringa, 42, 487–500.

Sachs, S., Lindgren, J. and Kear, B.P. 2018. Reassessment of the Styxosaurus snowii (Williston, 1890) holotype specimen and its implications for elasmosaurid plesiosaurian interrelationships. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 42, (4), 560-574.

Sander, P. M.; Rieppel, O. C. and Bucher, H. 1997. A new pistosaurid (reptilia from the Middle Triassic of Nevada and its implications for the origin of the plesiosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, (3), 526-533.

Sato, T. 1995. An Isolated tooth of Plesiosauroidea (Reptilia, Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Period of Awaji Island, southwestern Japan. Humans and Nature, 6, 33-36.

Sato, T. 2003. Terminonatator ponteixensis, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Saskatchewan. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 23, 89-103.

Sato, T. and Storrs, G. W. 2000. An early polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Paleontology, 74, 907-914.

Sato, T. and Tanabe, K. 1998. Cretaceous plesiosaurs ate ammonites. Nature, 394, 629-630.

Sato, T. and Wu, X-C. 2008. A new Jurassic pliosaur from Melville Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 45, 303-320.

Schumacher, B. A. and Everhart, M. J. 2005. A stratigraphic and taxonomic review of plesiosaurs from the old “Fort Benton Group” of central Kansas: A new assessment of old records. Paludicola, 5(2), 33-54.

Schumacher, B. A. and Martin, J. E. 2015. Polycotylus latipinnis Cope (Plesiosauria, Polycotylidae), a nearly complete skeleton from the Niobrara Formation (Early Campanian) of southwestern South Dakota, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2015.1031341

Sciau, J.; Crochet, J. Y., and Mattei, J. 1990. The first plesiosaur of France from the Causse-du-Larzac (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic). Geobios, 23, 111-116.

Scott P. and Rines R. 1975. Naming the Loch Ness monster. Nature, 258, 466-468.

Seeley, H. G. 1869. Index to the Fossil Remains of Aves, Ornithosauria, and Reptilia in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge. Deighton, Bell and Co., Cambridge, U.K., 143 pp.

Seeley, H. G. 1874. Note on some of the generic modifications of the plesiosaurian pectoral arch. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 30, 436–449.

Seeley, H. G. 1877. On Mauisaurus gardneri (Seeley), an elasmosaurian from the base of the Gault at Folkestone. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 33, 541-546.

Sennikov, A. G. and Arkhangelsky, M. S. 2010. On a Typical Jurassic Sauropterygian from the Upper Triassic of Wilczek Land (Franz Josef Land, Arctic Russia). Paleontological Journal. 44 (5), 567–572.

Serratos, D. J., Druckenmiller, P. and Benson, R. B. J. 2017. A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Bearpaw Shale (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Montana demonstrates multiple evolutionary reductions of neck length within Elasmosauridae, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37, (2), e1278608.

Sheppard, T. 1900. Notes on some remains of Cryptocleidus from the Kellaways rock of east Yorkshire. Geological Magazine, 438, 535-538.

Smellie, W. R. 1916. Apractocleidus teretipes: A new Oxfordian plesiosaur in the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol LI, part 3, number 19, 89-92.

Smith, A. S. 2003. Cladistic analysis of the Plesiosauria. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of Bristol, 116 pp.

Smith, A. S. 2006. Dublin’s Jurassic ‘Sea-Dragon’. Science Spin – Geoscience, 17, 26-27.

Smith, A. S. 2007a. Anatomy and systematics of the Rhomaleosauridae (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria). Unpublished PhD thesis. University College Dublin, 278pp. (download PDF – 12.5mb )

Smith, A. S. 2007b. The back-to-front plesiosaur Cryptoclidus (Apractocleidus) aldingeri from the Kimmeridgian of Milne Land, Greenland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 55, 1-7.

Smith, A. S. 2008a. Fossils explained 54: plesiosaurs. Geology Today. 24, (2), 71-75.

Smith, A. S. 2008b. Plesiosaurs from the Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) of Bornholm, Denmark. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28(4), 1213-1217. (Download PDF)

Smith, A. S. 2010. Rare ichthyosaur and plesiosaur material from the Lower Jurassic of Ireland. Irish Journal of Earth Sciences, 28, 47-52.

Smith, A. S. 2013. Morphology of the caudal vertebrae in Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus and a review of the evidence for a tail fin in Plesiosauria. Paludicola, 9 (3), 144–158. (Download PDF)

Smith, A. S. 2015. Reassessment of ‘Plesiosaurus’ megacephalus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, UK. Palaeontologia Electronica 18.1.20A, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.26879/504 palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1146-plesiosaurus-megacephalus

Smith, A. S. and Araújo, R. 2017. Thaumatodracon wiedenrothi, a morphometrically and stratigraphically intermediate new rhomaleosaurid plesiosaurian from the Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian) of Lyme Regis. Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 308 (4-6), 89-125. doi:10.1127/pala/308/2017/89

Smith, A. S. and Benson, R. B. J. 2014. Osteology of Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni (Sauropterygia: Rhomaleosauridae) from the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) of Northamptonshire, England. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London, 168 (642), 1–40, pls 1–35.

Smith, A. S. and Dyke, G. J. 2008. The skull of the giant predatory pliosaur Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni: implications for plesiosaur phylogenetics. Naturwissenschaften, 95, 975-980.

Smith, A. S. and Lomax, D. R. 2019. 21. Reptiles – Plesiosauria. In. Lord, A. R. (ed). Fossils from the Lias of the Yorkshire Coast. The Palaeontological Association. pp. 332–345.

Smith, A. S. and Radley, J. D. 2007. A marine reptile fauna from the Early Jurassic Saltford Shale (Blue Lias Formation) of central England. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 56 (4), 253-260.

Smith, A. S. and Vincent, P. 2010. A new genus of pliosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Lower Jurassic of Holzmaden, Germany. Palaeontology, 53, (5). 1049-1063.

Smith, A. S., Araújo, R. and Mateus, 0. 2012. A new plesiosauroid from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of Alhadas, Portugal. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (2), 257–266.

Sollas, W. J. 1881. On a new species of Plesiosaurus (P. conybeari) from the Lower Lias of Charmouth; with observations on P. megacephalus, Stutchbury, and P. brachycephalus, Owen. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 37, 440-480.

Storrs, G. W. 1991. Anatomy and relationships of Corosaurus alcovensis (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) and the Triassic Alcova Limestone of Wyoming. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 44, 1-151.

Storrs, G. W. 1993. Function and phylogeny in sauropterygian (Diapsida) evolution. American Journal of Science. 293-A, 63-90.

Storrs, G. W. 1994. Fossil vertebrate faunas of the British Rhaetian (latest Triassic). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 112, 217–259.

Storrs, G. W. 1997. Morphological and taxonomic clarification of the genus Plesiosaurus. 145-190. In Callaway, J. M and Nicholls, E. L. (eds.). Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic press. London. 501pp.

Storrs, G. W. 1999. An examination of Plesiosauria (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of Central North America. University of Kansas Palaeontological Contributions, 11, 1-15.

Storrs, G. W.; Arkhangelsky, M. S. and Efimov, V. M. 2000. Mesozoic marine reptiles of Russia and other former Soviet Republics. 187-210. In Benton, M. J.; Shiskin, M. A.; Kurochkin, E. N. and Unwin, D. M. (eds). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 696 pp.

Storrs, G. W. and Taylor, M. A. 1996. Cranial anatomy of a new plesiosaur genus from the lowermost Lias (Rhaetian/Hettangian) of Street, Somerset, England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, (3), 403-420.

Stutchbury S. 1846. Description of a new species of Plesiosaurus, in the Museum of the Bristol Institution. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 2, 411–417.

Suarez, M. E. and Fritis, O. 2002. A new record of Aristonectes (Plesiosauroidea, incertae sedis) from the late Cretaceous of the Quiriquina Formation, Cocholgüe, Chile. Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepción, 73, 87-93.

Sues, H. D. 1987. Postcranial skeleton of Pistosaurus and interrelationships of the Sauropterygia (Diapsida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 90, 109-131.

Sullivan, R. M. 1987. A reassessment of reptilian diversity across the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science, 391, 1-26.

Swinton, W. E. 1930a. Preliminary account of a new genus and species of plesiosaur. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 10, 206-209.

Swinton, W. E. 1930b. The plesiosaurs in the Bristol Museum. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1930, 340–341.

Swinton, W. E. 1948. Plesiosaurs in the City Museum, Bristol. Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, 27, 343-360.

Tan, J., Gu, Y., Turk, G. and Liu, C. K. 2011. Articulated swimming creatures. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 30(4), 58:1–58:12.

Tarlo, L. B. 1957. The scapula of Pliosaurus macromerus Phillips. Palaeontology, 1(3), 193–199.

Tarlo, L. B. 1959. Stretosaurus gen. nov., a giant pliosaur from the Kimmeridge Clay. Palaeontology, 2, 39–55.

Tarlo, L. B. 1960. A review of the Upper Jurassic pliosaurs. British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 4, 145–189.

Tate, R. and Blake, J. F. 1876. The Yorkshire Lias. Van Voorst, London, 475pp.

Taylor, M. A. 1981. Plesiosaurs – rigging and ballasting. Nature, 290, 628–629.

Taylor, M. A. 1986. Lifestyle of plesiosaurs. Nature, 319, p.179.

Taylor, M. A. 1989. Sea-saurians for sceptics. Nature, 338, 625-626.

Taylor, M. A. 1992a. Taxonomy and taphonomy of Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus (Plesiosauria, Reptilia) from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic)of the Yorkshire coast. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 49, 49-55.

Taylor, M. A. 1992b. Functional anatomy of the head of the large aquatic predator Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus (Plesiosauria: Reptilia) from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of Yorkshire, England. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 335, 247-280.

Taylor, M. A. 1994. The plesiosaur’s birthpalce: the Bristol Institution and its contribution to vertebrate palaeontology. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 112, 179-196.

Taylor, M. A. 1997. Before the dinosaur: the historical significance of the fossil marine reptiles. In Callaway, J. M and Nicholls, E.L. (eds). Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic press. London. 501pp.

Taylor, M. A. and Cruickshank, A. R. I. 1993a. Cranial anatomy and functional morphology of Pliosaurus brachyspondylus (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of Westbury, Wiltshire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 341, 399-418.

Taylor, M. A. and Cruickshank, A. R. I. 1993b. A plesiosaur from the Linksfield erratic (Rhaetian, Upper Triassic) near Elgin, Morayshire. Scottish Journal of Geology, 29, 191-196.

Thulborn, T. and Warren, A. 1980. Early Jurassic plesiosaurs from Australia. Nature, 285, 224-225.

Taylor, M. A.; Norman, D. B. and Cruickshank. A. R. I. 1993. The remains of an ornithischian dinosaur in a pliosaur from the Kimmeridgian of England. Palaeontology, 36, (2), 357-360.

Thulborn, T. and Turner. S. 1993. An elasmosaur bitten by a pliosaur. Modern Geology, 18, 489-501.

Vincent, P. 2011. A re-examination of Hauffiosaurus zanoni, a pliosauroid from the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) of Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31, (2), 340-351.

Vincent, P. and Smith, A. S. 2009. A redescription of Plesiosaurus propinquus Tate & Blake, 1876 (Reptilia, Plesiosauria), from the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian) of Yorkshire, England. Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 57, 133-142. (Download PDF)

Vincent, P., Bardet, N. and Mattioli, E. 2012. A new pliosaurid from the Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic of Normandy, Northern France. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 58 (3), 471-485.

Vincent, P., Allemand, R., Taylor, P. D., Suan, G., and Maxwell, E. E. 2017. New insights on the systematics, palaeoecology and palaeobiology of a plesiosaurian with soft tissue preservation from the Toarcian of Holzmaden, Germany. The Science of Nature, 104 (51).

Watson, D. M. S. 1909. A preliminary note on two new genera of Upper Liassic plesiosaurs. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 54 (4), 1-28.

Watson, D. M. S. 1910. XI. Upper Liassic Reptilia. Part II. The Sauropterygia of the Whitby Museum. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 54 (11), 1-13.

Watson, D. M. S. 1911. XVI. A plesiosaurian pectoral girdle from the Lower Lias. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 55 (16), 1-7

Wegner, T. 1914. Brancasaurus brancai Wegner n. g. n. sp., ein Elasmosauride aus dem Wealden Westfalens. Branca-Festschrift, 235-305, Borntraeger, Berlin.

Welles, S. P. 1943. Elasmosaurid plesiosaurs with descriptions of new material from California and Colorado. Memoirs of the University of California, 13, 125-254.

Welles, S. P. 1952. A review of the North American Cretaceous elasmosaurs. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 29, 47–143.

Welles, S. P. 1962. A new species of elasmosaur from the Aptian of Colombia and a review of the Cretaceous plesiosaurs. University of California Publications in the Geological Sciences, 44, 1-96.

Welles, S. P. and Bump, J. D. 1949. Alzadosaurus pembertoni, a new elasmosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of South Dakota. Journal of Paleontology, 23, 521-535.

Wellnhofer, P. Von. 1970. Plesiosaurier-restes aus dem opalinuston von Amberg (Oberpfalz). Mitt. Bayer. Staatssamml. Paläont. Hist. Geol. 10, 261-270.

Wellnhofer, P. Von. 1971. Ergänzende bemerkungen zu plesiosaurier-resten aus Bayern. Mitt. Bayer. Staatssamml. Paläont. Hist. Geol. 11, 123-124.

Wells, C. 1964. Pathological epipodials and tarsus in Stretosaurus macromerus from the Kimmeridge Clay, Stretham, Cambridgeshire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 120, 299-304.

Werner, C. and Bardet, N. 1996. New record of elasmosaurs (Reptilia, Plesiosauria) in the Maastrichtian of the Western Desert of Egypt. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, 18, 335-341.

Whetstone, K, N. 1977. A plesiosaur from the Coon Creek Formation (Cretaceous) of Tennessee. Journal of Paleontology. 51, 424-425.

White, T. E. 1940. Holotype of Plesiosaurus longirostris Blake and classification of the plesiosaurs. Journal of Paleontology, 14, 451-467.

White, J. M., Barron, A., McCurry, M. R., and Denham, T. 2023. Investigating gut contents of the leptocleidian plesiosaur Umoonasaurus demoscyllus using micro-CT imaging. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 47(2), 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2023.2194944

Wiffen, J. and Moisley, W. L. 1986. Late Cretaceous reptiles (Families Elasmosauridae and Pliosauridae) from the Mangahouanga Stream, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 29, 205-252.

Wiffen, J.; De Buffrénil, V; De Ricqlès, A; Mazin, J-M. 1995. Ontogenetic evolution of bone structure in Late Cretaceous Plesiosauria from New Zealand. Geobios, 28: 625-640.

Williston, S. W. 1893. An interesting food habit of the plesiosaurs. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 13, 121-122.

Williston, S. W. 1894. A food habit of the plesiosaurs. The American Naturalist, 28(325), 50.

Williston, S. W. and Farrington, O. C. 1903. North American plesiosaurs. Part 1. Field Columbian Museum, Publication 73, Geological Series, 2(1), 1-79 (29 plates).

Williston, S. 1904. The stomach stones of the plesiosaurs. Science, 22, 565.

Williston, S. W. 1906. North American plesiosaurs: Elasmosaurus, Cimoliasaurus, and Polycotylus. American Journal of Science – Fourth Series, 123, 221-236?

Williston, S. W. 1908. North American plesiosaurs Trinacromerum. Journal of Geology, 16, 715-736.

Williston, S. W. and Moodie, R. L. 1917. Ogmodirus martinii, a new plesiosaur from the Cretaceous of Kansas. The Kansas University Science Bulletin, 10, (5), 61–73.

Winkler, T. C. 1873. Le Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus Conyb. Archives du Musée Teyler, 3, 218-233.

Wintrich, T., Hayashi, S., Houssaye, A., Nakajima, Y., Sander, P. M. 2017. A Triassic plesiosaurian skeleton and bone histology inform on evolution of a unique body plan. Science Advances, 3 (12), e1701144. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701144

Wyse Jackson, P. N. 2004. Thomas Hawkins, Lord Cole, William Sollas and all: casts of Lower Jurassic marine reptiles in the Geological Museum, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. The Geological Curator, 8(1), 11-18.

Yang, Y. 2013. A pictorial guide to palaeontology – prehistoric aquatic reptiles. Peking Natural Science Organisation, 304 pp.

Young Chung-chien. 1965. On the new nothosaurs from Hupeh and Kweichou, China. Vertebrata Palasiatica, 9, (4), 337-357.

Zammit, M.; Daniels, C. B. and Kear, B. 2008. Elasmosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) neck flexibility: Implications for feeding strategies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 150, 124–130.

Zarnik, B. 1925. On the ethology of plesiosaurs, with contributions to the mechanism of the cervical vertebrae of recent sauropsids. Royal Morphological-Biological Institute, Zagreb, 26pp.

Zittel, K. A. von 1932. Textbook of palaeontology (three volumes), Second Edition (revised). Macmillan, London, 464 pp.

Zverkov, N. G., Grigoriev, D. V., Meleshin, I. A. and Nikiforov, A. V. 2024. Revision of the plesiosaur Polycotylus sopozkoi from the Southern Urals (Russia) confirms the wide distribution of Polycotylus in the Late Cretaceous of the Northern Hemisphere. Cretaceous Research, 160, 105879.